Module 1 – Introduction to Produce Safety

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• FDA Factsheet. Background on the Food Safety Modernization Act.

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• Resource documents to help growers and packers determine whether they will be covered or exempt from FSMA regulations FDA | PSA
• Guide to Minimize Microbial Food Safety Hazards for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

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• D'Lima, C., & Vierk, K. (2011). Memorandum to the Record. In: Produce Related Outbreaks and Illnesses. Food and Drug Administration.
• Merriweather, S., Cloyd, T.C. & Gubernot, D. (2015). Memorandum to the File— Produce Related Outbreaks and Illnesses 2011–2014. In: Produce Related Outbreaks and Illnesses. Food and Drug Administration.
• FDA Factsheet. Why doesn’t this rule only target fruits and vegetables that are known to have caused outbreaks of foodborne illness?

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• FDA Bad Bug Book

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• 2006 E. coli O157:H7 outbreak in spinach
• 2011 Listeria monocytogenes outbreak in cantaloupes
• 2014 Salmonella outbreak in bean sprouts

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• Iowa State University Extension and Outreach: Lesson 4 Food Safety—FATTOM
• Sugiyama, H., & Yang, K.H. (1975). Growth potential of Clostridium botulinum in fresh mushrooms packaged in semipermeable plastic film. Appl Microbiol, 30(6), 964–969.

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• 2003 Hepatitis A outbreak in green onions
• Norovirus Collaborative for Outreach, Research, and Education (NoroCORE)
• EPA Registered Hospital Disinfectants Effective Against Norovirus
• Indirect food additives: adjuvants, production aids, and sanitizers. Subpart B—Substances Utilized To Control the Growth of Microorganisms, 21 C.F.R. Section 178.1010 (2015).
• Food and Drugs, Subpart B— Substances Utilized to Control the Growth of Microorganisms, 21 CFR 178 (2015), § 178.1010.

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• 2004 Cyclospora in snow peas traced back to Guatemala

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• Beuchat, L.R. (1996). Pathogenic microorganisms associated with fresh produce. J Food Prot, 59(2), 204–216.
• Scallan, E., Hoekstra, R.M., Angulo, F.J., Tauxe, R.V., Widdowson, M.A., Roy, S.L., et al. (2011). Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis, 17(1), 7–15.
• Scallan, E., Griffin, P.M., Angulo, F.J., Tauxe, R.V., & Hoekstra, R.M. (2011). Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—unspecified agents. Emerg Infect Dis, 17(1), 16.
• Sivapalasingam, S., Friedman, C.R., Cohen, L., & Tauxe, R.V. (2004). Fresh produce: a growing cause of outbreaks of foodborne illness in the United States, 1973 through 1997. J Food Prot, 67(10), 2342–2353.

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• Beuchat, L.R. (2002). Difficulties in eliminating human pathogenic microorganisms on raw fruits and vegetables. In XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Horticulture, Art and Science for Life-The Colloquia Presentations, 642, 151–160.
• Fatemi, P., LaBorde, L.F., Patton, J., Sapers, G.M., Annous, B., & Knabel, S.J., (2006). Influence of punctures, cuts and apple surface morphologies on penetration and growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7. J Food Prot, 69(2), 267–275.

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• Beuchat, L.R. (2002). Ecological factors influencing survival and growth of human pathogens on raw fruits and vegetables. Microb Infect, 4(4), 413–423.
• Park, S., Szonyi, B., Gautam, R., et al. (2012). Risk factors for microbial contamination in fruits and vegetables at the pre-harvest level: a systematic review. J Food Prot, 75(11), 2055–2081.
• Strawn, L.K., Fortes, E.D., Bihn, E.A., et al. (2013). Landscape and meteorological factors affecting prevalence of three food-borne pathogens in fruit and vegetable farms. Appl Environ Micro, 79(2), 588–600.

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• Todd, E., Greig, J.D., Bartleson, C.A., & Michaels, B.S. (2009). Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 6. Transmission and survival of pathogens in the food processing and preparation environment. J Food Prot, 72(1), 202–219.

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• Jay, M.T., Cooley, M., Carychao, D., et al. (2007). Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Feral Swine near Spinach Fields and Cattle, Central California Coast. Emerg Infect Dis, 13(12), 1908–1911.
• Islam, M., Doyle, M.P., Phatak, S.C., Millner, P., & Jiang, X. (2004). Persistence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil and on leaf lettuce and parsley grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water. J Food Prot, 67(7), 1365–1370.

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• Bihn, E.A., Smart, C.D., Hoepting, C.A., & Worobo, R.W. (2013). Use of Surface Water in the Production of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables: A Survey of Fresh Produce Growers and Their Water Management Practices. Food Prot Trends, 33(5), 307–314.
• Mootian, G., Wu, W.H., Matthews, K.R. (2009). Transfer of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from soil, water, and manure contaminated with low numbers of the pathogen to lettuce plants. J Food Prot, 72(11), 2308–2312.

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• Jiang, X., Morgan, J., & Doyle, M.P. (2002). Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Manure-Amended Soil. Appl Envir Micro, 68(5), 2605–2609.
• Erickson, M.C., et al. (2014). Examination of factors for use as potential predictors of human enteric pathogen survival in soil. J Appl Micro, 116(2), 335–349.

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• Schmidt, R. (2009). Basic Elements of Equipment Cleaning and Sanitizing in Food Processing and Handling Operations. University of Florida/IFAS Extension.

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• Bihn, E.A., Schermann, M.A., Wszelaki, A.L., Wall, G.L., & Amundson, S.K. (2014). Farm Food Safety Decision Trees.

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• University Contacts PSA website | GAPs website

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• Bihn, E.A., Schermann, M.A., Wszelaki, A.L., Wall, G.L., & Amundson, S.K. (2014). Farm Food Safety Decision Trees.